The mean IPC score for all states from 2009 - 2023 was -2.9.

Among the states that exhibited changes from 2009 to 2023, there was a general trend toward more neutral policy environments.

20 states experienced a meaningful change in their immigration policies over the period, with a 5-point or greater shift in their IPC score.

The mean IPC change over the entire period was -4, indicating that, on average, states moved in a more restrictive direction. However, by 2023, this trend slowed, with a -1 change in that year alone, suggesting that the rate of policy restriction has decreased.